Childhood Adversity And Substance Abuse - 1806 Words

Childhood Adversity and Substance Abuse Joceline Nieves SUNY New Paltz Introduction The Center for Disease Control reports about 3.4 million children being abused or neglected in the United States in 2012 and 1 in 4 children will experience some form on abuse, maltreatment or household dysfunction while growing up. (Campbell, 2015).Past research has shown a relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and substance abuse as an adult. Risk factors in the form abuse and neglect as child may cause a higher likelihood of substance abuse as an adult. Font and Jack (2015) also says that poor socioeconomic circumstances are associated with poor health conditions. Someone who scores with multiple adverse childhood experiences may report social and economic problems as an adult, such as financial hardship, homelessness and not making it through high school or an undergrad program (Font and Jack, 2015). Font and Jack (2015) also discuss in their study that individuals who scored with four or more adverse childhood experiences were more likely to report poor health. These people report sexually transmitted infections, obesity, substance abuse and many more health issues (Font and Jack, 2015). Someone who has gone through multiple adverse childhood experiences and therefore reports a higher ACE score might see early mortality and increased comorbid conditions. prevalence of the leading cause of death in adulthood. There has been very little research on theShow MoreRelatedEmbraced By The Needle By Gabor Mate1494 Words   |  6 Pagesn the essay â€Å"Embraced by the needle† by Gabor Mate, he highlights how an individualà ¨s childhood experiences would make them more susceptible to addiction in their future. He highlights if an individual experienced a traumatic, neglectful, or stressful environment in their childhood they are more vulnerable to addiction as adults. If children grew up in relatively stable and loving homes, but still grow up to become addicts, then there are other underlying factors, like stressed parents, that causeRead MoreExposure To Social Violence1134 Words   |  5 Pages The relationship of objective pregnancy outcome measures and early life adversity found in our study strengthens extends previous findings showing that intra-familial ACEs (child abuse and household dysfunction) are associated with premature delivery (11–13) and low-birth weight (10,13). Furthermore, it spread out past research (23–25) by confirming the association between maternal history of adversities during childhood and depression during pregnancy. Our analysis adds power to the previous literatureRead MoreThe Treatment Of Trauma And How Yoga May Be An Integral Part Of That Care Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pages The Adverse Childhood Experiences study, also known as ACE’s, was a huge breakthrough for preventative health care research. The partnership of Kaiser Permanente and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) produced one of the largest studies ever conducted to explore associations between childhood maltreatment (chronic and toxic stress from early adversity) and health and well-being throughout the lifespan. The study involves the data from over 17,000 participants collected fromRead MoreChildhood Attachment Disorders And Its Effects On The Developing Brain1473 Words   |  6 PagesInsecure attachments in childhood can have a profound impact on the developing brain, which in turn affects an individual’s relationships, self-esteem, and self-regulation. Substance use disorders are a common response to unresolved childhood pain which is perpetuated by the inability to self-soothe and regulate one’s emotions. Those with undiagnosed attachment disorde rs can exhibit misguided attempts at protecting oneself through the use of substances. Studies with children suggest that reactiveRead MoreUniversal School Based Violence Prevention Programs994 Words   |  4 Pagestaking policy actions against additive substances (WHO 2005). 4. Interventions in promoting healthy development environment for children There is a general consensus that a life course approach to preventing mental disorders is the most effective policy that recognizes that there are key developmental stages and transition points, healthy start in the early years is of foundational importance. The following sub-sections deal with evidence-based early childhood programs widely practiced in countriesRead MoreEthological Theory of Attachment: The Development of Emotion in Children1803 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿How Ethological Theory of Attachment Helps in Understanding the Development of Emotion in Children from Adversity? Introduction Attachment theory has been jointly worked out by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. In presenting this theory, both of them have drawn out ideas from the fields of ethology, cybernetics, information processing, developmental psychology, and psychoanalysts. However, John Bowlby is the chief contributor who has originated the essential tenets of the theory. Thus, he hasRead MoreA Research Study On Child Development922 Words   |  4 Pageschild development, has occurred in the years following the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study (1994) conducted by the CDC in conjunction with several academic partners. This study established the standard of â€Å"adverse childhood experiences† (ACEs) upon which subsequent studies have relied for measurement. ACEs include â€Å"psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence against mother; or living with household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill or suicidal, or ever imprisoned.† The incidenceRead MoreCharacteristics, Gender, And Class Affected907 Words   |  4 Pageshypertension. Nevertheless, it has been proved that the women tend to endure more the condition than men because they experience traumatic situations repetitively and cyclical form, since they are victims of domestic violence or victims of sexual abuse. People with PTSD have to endure four or more symptoms, and have experienced them for more than one month (National Center for PTSD, n.d.). II. Individuals or Groups Most likely to Be Affected †¢ There are 7.7 million Americans, age 18 or older, whoRead MoreThe Violence And Its Effects On The Lives Of Contemporary Native Generations Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship between mother and daughter, intergenerational transmission of trauma via substance abuse, domestic violence, and identity implications can potentially result in suicide. First off, substance abuse can facilitate the transmission of trauma from mother to daughter. Whether the mother drinks throughout her pregnancy, drinks in the presence of her daughter, or neglects her child due to a substance problem, the mother partakes in the passing down of trauma in a damaging way. In â€Å"IntergenerationalRead MoreSocial Emotions Expressed With Mental Health Staff1022 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough ADHD is associated with reduced school performance and academic attainment. Irrespective of the above, the youth has a history of conduct related behaviors since childhood, such as defiance of authority figures, acts of theft and aggression, and suspensions at school, which would support a diagnosis of Conduct Disorder Childhood Onset Type. This examiner is strongly recommended the youth receive intensive individual counseling to address his anger management problems, and acceptance of crime

Discuss the Social and Economic Impact of Natural...

Natural disasters may be defined as natural catastrophes which cause great damage by disrupting the functioning of a society thus rendering the country incapable of coping through using its own resources as there is a need for outsider assistance in order to effectively preserve lives and the environment. Conversely, Natural hazards are natural phenomena that are potential threats to people within a society, structures or economic assets and may cause disaster. Natural disasters are inevitable and ubiquitous worldwide. Within the Caribbean, they are chiefly present in the forms of hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, droughts, and volcanoes. The great damages caused by natural disasters may be divided into three categories: social, economic†¦show more content†¦Additionally, the destruction of homes has left thousands distraught and unsure of what the future holds since they no longer have a permanent residence or home. Alternatively, loss of home may give the individuals the incentive to start a fresh, and in so doing the government often assist by providing houses which are ostensibly built in places that are more suitable for construction and are durable that is, less likely to easily fall prey to the next hurricane. Hurricanes also results in the disruption of communities. This created chaos and confusion among the people since they will have to rebuild their homes and lives seeing as many are unable to return to their community to live after the hurricane. A prime example is the community of Cave Valley in St. Ann. It was reported to have been submerged under twenty five feet of water and approximately three hundred persons had to be sheltered at Clarksonville. Consequently, the entire community was separated as families ventured into different avenues (community of people) wherein, they will have to be re-socialized and assimilated into a new environment and the fact that a lot of these individuals are poor makes it a lot harder to move on. However, in a situation where the community can be rebuilt there is normally unity among the people and a sense of camaraderie develops as they help each other to recover from the effects of a hurricane. Hurricanes oftentimes lead to employment and profit for placesShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Climate Change On The Environment1338 Words   |  6 Pageschanges to the global climate (Lohmann, 2002). Tourism is particularly vulnerable to the direct and indirect impacts of climate change as the climate influences the appeal, attractiveness and suitability of a destination (Rutty Scott, 2014). Moore (2010) states that the impact of the climate can be physical, physiological and psychological, and it also threatens economic, environmental and social sustainability (Moreno Becken, 2009). Coastal tourism is the largest component of the global tourismRead MoreCaribbean Studies Syllabus5959 Words   |  24 PagesMODULE 1: CARIBBEAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE OVERVIEW Module 1 introduces students to the role played by geography in shaping the society and culture of the Caribbean region as well as the historical evolution of Caribbean society, the cultural characteristics of the Caribbean people, and the ways in which Caribbean society and culture influence and are influenced by societies and cultures outside the region. GENERAL OBJECTIVES On completion of this Module, students should: 1. Understand the factors whichRead MoreKey Internal and External Influences Affecting Tourism in Brazil2536 Words   |  11 PagesExternal Influences Affecting Tourism in Brazil | Audit Report | | | | | | Contents Page: * 1) Introduction * 2) External PESTLE Analysis Table * 2.1) Political Influences * 2.2) Environmental Influences * 2.3) Social Influences * 2.4) Technological Influences * 2.5) Legal Influences * 2.6) Environmental Influences * 3) Internal Strengths amp; Weaknesses * 4) References Key Internal amp; External Influences Affecting Tourism inRead MoreGender Marginalization5547 Words   |  23 Pagesdelving contribution to society. A vicious circle is set up whereby their lack of positive and supportive relationships means that they are prevented from participating in local life, which in turn leads to further isolation. This has a tremendous impact on development of human beings, as well as on society at large. As the objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy a productive, healthy, and creative life, it is important to address the issue of marginalizationRead MoreThe History and Structure of the Travel and Tourism Sector Essay9258 Words   |  38 Pagesof the system, the whole system would not work.† Source: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Elements_of_Tourism_system_model#ixzz1g3G1oCZs Figure 1 - Leipers Tourism System Model, source: Mason (2003, p.11). Source:- entplanet.blogspot.com Social and economic reasons contributed highly to the development and growth of the tourism industry. The 1940’s brought about the introduction of annual leave entitlement. By 1974,the law stated that workers were entitled to four week’s annual leave. ThisRead More Promotion of New and Renewable Sources of Energy Essay2269 Words   |  10 PagesRenewable Sources of Energy Introduction Energy plays a crucial role in the economic development of all nations, especially those with limited access to resources. Access to energy sources is one of the fundamental elements of poverty reduction and sustainable development. It is for this reason that renewable energy and energy efficiency is essential to protect and preserve, as it provides a basis for economic advances, increased education, and environment sustainability. The United NationsRead MoreAgriculture in the Caribbean7544 Words   |  31 PagesIMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE CARIBBEAN Foreign exchange Contribution to GDP/GNP Food security Employment Environmental management CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING CARIBBEAN AGRICULTURE Climate Topography Appropriate Technology Rural Infrastructure Land Tenure and Fragmentation Credit Facilities Marketing Facilities Extension Services Praedial Larceny CLASSIFICATION OF CARIBBEAN FARMS DistinguishingRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagescultural formation was controlled fully by the elite who, to a large extent, ran the educational apparatus and the economic system. But much of the country was beginning to question in earnest the structure of colonial society by the early 1930s. The emergence of Rasta during that period corresponds with so much that was happening around the world. Rastas could tell that social unrest in Jamaica was going to lead to a movement away from colonial rule and, having heard Marcus Garvey speak of theRead MoreMy Phone Thesis16066 Words   |  65 Pagessixth spot as one of the top twenty countries with the highest per capita cell phone use. Anguilla is the most northern of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It also has garnered 95 percent literacy on English. It is good for tourist destinations since it’s the only island in the Caribbean which tourists can feel at ease when it comes to language. The positioning statement is â€Å"For those who want a more â€Å"customized† look, My|Phone is a Philippine mobile phone brandRead MoreEDPM CSEC15093 Words   |  61 PagesCARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate ® CSEC  ® ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT PREPARATION AND MANAGEMENT SYLLABUS Effective for examinations from May-June 2014 CXC 34/G/SYLL 12 Published by the Caribbean Examinations Council All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the author or publisher. Correspondence

Fin300 Midterm Free Essays

Ryerson University CFIN300 Midterm Exam Fall 2007 There are 2. 0 hours in this exam. Version A Student Name____________________________ (Please Print) Student Number_________________________________ Notes: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Fin300 Midterm or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is a closed book exam. You may only have pens, pencils and a calculator at your desk. 2. A formula sheet is attached to the end of the exam. You may detach the formula sheet from the exam. Please fill out the scanner sheet as you go along in the exam. You will not be given extra time at the end of the exam to fill it out. 3. Select the best possible answer for each multiple-choice question 4. Each of the 30 MC questions is worth 1 mark Marks: Available Total 30_________ There are 14 pages in this exam. |2. |Poor Dog, Inc. borrowed $135,000 from the bank today. They must repay this money over the next six years by making monthly | | |payments of $2,215. 10. What is the interest rate on the loan? Express your answer with annual compounding. | |A) |5. 98% | |B) |6. 63% | |C) |4. 1% | |D) |5. 65% | |E) |5. 80% | |3. |How much would you pay for a security that pays you $500 every 4 months for the next 10 years if you require a return of 8% per | | |year compounded monthly? | |A) |$11,228. 48 | |B) |$15,000. 00 | |C) |$10,260. 0 | |D) |$13,724. 90 | |E) |$10,200. 23 | |4. |You can earn 5% per year compounded annually for the next 4 years, followed by 8% per year compounded quarterly for 5 years. | | |What is the average annual compounded rate of return over the 9 year period? Express your answer with monthl y compounding. | |A) | | |B) |6. 2% | |C) |6. 97% | |D) |6. 43% | |E) |6. 59% | |5. |You have just purchased a house for $540,000 with a $200,000 down payment. You are going to get a mortgage at the TF bank for | | |the balance. TF is charging a rate of 5. 8% per year compounded semi-annually on 5 year term mortgages. You want to make weekly| | |payments amortized over 20 years. What is your weekly payment? | |A) |$877. 60 | |B) |$549. 01 | |C) |$545. 47 | |D) | | |E) |$871. 92 | |6. |Master Meter is planning on constructing a new $20 million facility. The company plans to pay 20% of the cost in cash and | | |finance the balance. How much will each monthly loan payment be if they can borrow the necessary funds for 30 years at 9% per | | |year compounded semi-annually? | |A) |$128,740 | |B) |$158,567 | |C) |$160,925 | |D) |$141,982 | |E) |$126,853 | 7. |Gerry Industries has some 8% (per year compounded semi-annually) coupon bonds on the market that are selling at $989, pay | | |interest semi-annually, and mature in fifteen years. The company would like to issue $1 million in new fifteen-year bonds. What | | |coupon rate should be applied to the new bonds if Gerry Industries wants to sell them at par? Express your answer with | | |semi-annual compounding. | |A) |8. 00% | |B) |8. 3% | |C) |7. 87% | |D) |8. 13% | |E) |8. 26% | |8. |You have decided to save $30 a week for the next three years as an emergency fund. You can earn 3. 5 % per year compounded | | |weekly. How much would you have to deposit in one lump sum today to have the same amount in your savings at the end of three | | |years? |A) |$4,441. 26 | |B) |$4,382. 74 | |C) |$4,288. 87 | |D) |$4,305. 19 | |E) |$4,414. 14 | |9. |A credit card company charges you an interest rate of 1. 25% per month. The annual percentage rate is ____ and the effective | | |annual rate is _______. | |A) |15. 00%; 16. 08% | |B) |16. 08%; 15. 00% | |C) |15. 00%; 15. 00% | |D) |15. 00%; 14. 55% | |E) |14. 55%; 15. 00% | |10. The Friendly Bank wants to earn an effective annual rate of 9% on its auto loans. If interest is compounded monthly, what APR | | |must they charge? | |A) |8. 65% | |B) |9. 17% | |C) |8. 58% | |D) |9. 38% | |E) |8. 44% | Use the following to answer question 11: |Rondolo, Inc. |2006 Income Statement | |Net Sales |$12,800 | |Less: Cost of Goods Sold |10,400 | |Less: Depreciation |680 | |Earnings Before Interest and Taxes |1,720 | |Less: Interest Paid |280 | |Taxable Income |$1,440 | |Less: Taxes |500 | |Net Income |$940 | | Dividends |$423 | | Additions to retained earnings |$517 | |Rondolo, Inc. |2006 Balance Sheet | |Cash | |$520 | |Accounts payable | |$1,810 | |Accounts rec | |1,080 | |Long-term debt | |3,600 | |Inventory | |3,120 | |Common stock | |5,000 | |Total | |$4, 720 | |Retained earnings | |1,790 | |Net fixed assets | |7,480 | | | | | |Total assets | |$12,200 | |Total liabilities equity | |$12,200 | | | | | | | | | |11. |Rondolo, Inc. is currently operating at maximum capacity. All costs, assets, and current liabilities vary directly with sales. | | |The tax rate and the dividend payout ratio will remain constant. How much additional debt is required if no new equity is raised| | |and sales are projected to increase by 4 percent? | |A) |-$122. 08 | |B) |$598. 75 | |C) |$416. 00 | |D) |-$562. 50 | |E) |$318. 01 | |12. |Your brother-in-law borrowed $2,000 from you four years ago and then disappeared. Yesterday he returned and expressed a desire | | |to pay back the loan, including the interest accrued. Assuming that you had agreed to charge him 10% per year compounded | | |annually, and assuming that he wishes to make five equal annual payments beginning in one year, how much would your | | |brother-in-law have to pay you annually in order to pay off the debt? (Assume that the loan continues to accrue interest at 10% | | |per year. ) | |A) |$738. 63 | |B) |$798. 24 | |C) |$772. 45 | |D) |$697. 43 | |E) |$751. 46 | |13. |What information to you need to find the 3 year forward rate starting 2 years from now? |A) |2 and 5 year zero coupon spot rates | |B) |3-year zero coupon spot rate | |C) |2 and 3 year zero coupon spot rates | |D) |5 year zero coupon spot rate | |E) |3 and 5 year zero coupon spot rates | |14. |You have been making payments for the last 25 years and have finally paid off your mortgage. Your original mortgage was for | | |$345,000 and the interest rate was 5% per year compounded semi-annually for the entire 25 year period. How much interest have | | |you paid over the last 5 years of the mortgage? | |A) | | |B) |$120,392. 23 | |C) |$13,931. 87 | |D) |$80,743. 13 | |E) |$106,460. 37 | |15. |Which of the following is (are) sources of cash? | | | | | |I. | |an increase in accounts receivable | | | | | |II. | | |a decrease in common stock | | | | | |III. | | |an increase in long-term debt | | | | | |IV. | |a decrease in accounts payable | | | | |A) |I, II, and IV only | |B) |II and IV only | |C) |I only | |D) |III only | |E) |I and III only | |16. Financial planning allows firms to: | | | | | |I. | | |avoid future losses. | | | | | |II. | | |develop contingency plans. | | | | | |III. | | |ascertain expected financing needs. | | | | | |IV. | | |explore and evaluate various options. | | | |A) |I, II, III, and IV | |B) |I and IV only | |C) |III and IV onl y | |D) |II and III only | |E) |II, III, and IV only | Use the following to answer question 17: |Current |$100 | |Assets | | |A) |$52. 00 | |B) |$22. 50 | |C) |$0. 00 | |D) |$4. 50 | |E) |$29. 50 | |18. |A new security will pay an initial cash flow of $100 in 1 year. Thereafter it will pay cash flows every month for the rest of | | |time. The cash flows will grow at 3% per year compounded monthly forever. If you require a return of 6% per year compounded | | |monthly, how much would you be willing to pay for this security? | |A) |$18,932. 30 | |B) |$40,000. 00 | |C) |$37,864. 59 | |D) |$33,333. 33 | |E) |$20,000. 00 | |19. |Which one of the following actions is the best example of an agency problem? |A) |Basing management bonuses on the attainment of specific financial goals | |B) |Requiring stockholders approval of all management compensation decisions | |C) |Paying management bonuses based on the current market value of the firm’s stock | |D) |Paying management bonuses based on the number of store locations opened during the year | |E) |Accepting a project that enhances both management salaries and the market value of the firm’s stock | |20. |The bonds of Frank’s Welding, Inc. pay an 8% annual coupon, have a 7. 98% (per year compounded annually) yield to maturity and | | |have a face value of $1,000. The current rate of inflation is 2. 5% per year compounded annually. What is the real rate of return| | |on these bonds? | |A) |5. 42 percent | |B) |5. 48 percent | |C) |5. 35 percent | |D) |5. 37 percent | |E) |5. 32 percent | |21. |What is the future value of the following cash flows at the end of year 3 if the interest rate is 6% per year compounded | | |annually? The cash flows occur at the end of each year. | | | | |Year 1 | | |Year 2 | | |Year 3 | | | | | |$5,180 | | |$9,600 | | |$2,250 | | | | |A) |$19,341. 02 | |B) |$15,916. 8 | |C) |$19,608. 07 | |D) |$18,246. 25 | |E) |$18,109. 08 | |22. |The I. C. James Co. invested $10,000 six years ago at 5% per year simple interest. The I. M. Smart Co. invested $10,000 six years | | |ago at 5% per year compounded annually. Which one of the following statements is true concerning these two investments? | | | | | |I. | | |The I. C. James Co. has an account value of $13,400. 96 today. | | | | | |II. | | |The I. C. James Co. will have an account value of $13,400. 96 six years from now. | | | | | |III. | | |The I. M Smart Co. will earn $525 interest in the second year. | | | | | |IV. | | |Both the I. C. James Co. and the I. M. Smart Co. will earn $500 interest in the first year. | | | |A) |II, III and IV only | |B) |II and IV only | |C) |I and III only | |D) |III and IV only | |E) |I, III and IV only | |23. |The bonds of Microhard, Inc. carry a 10% annual coupon, have a $1,000 face value, and mature in four years. Bonds of equivalent| | |risk yield 15% (per year compounded annually). Microhard is having cash flow problems and has asked its bondholders to accept | | |the following deal: The firm would like to make the next three coupon payments at half the scheduled amount, and make the final | | |coupon payment be $251. If this plan is implemented, the market price of the bond will (rise/fall) to ___________. (Continue to| | |assume a 15% required return. ) | |A) |$892. 51 | |B) |$865. 45 | |C) |$829. 42 | |D) |$808. 89 | |E) |$851. 25 | |24. Your older sister deposited $5,000 today at 8% per year compounded annually for five years. You would like to have just as much | | |money at the end of the next five years as your sister. However, you can only earn 6% per year compounded annually. How much | | |more money must you deposit today than your sister if you are to have the same amount at the end of five years? | |A) |$367. 32 | |B) |$399. 05 | |C) |$489. 84 | |D) |$201. 0 | |E) |$423. 81 | |25. |Net income differs from operating cash flow due to the handling of: | |A) |Interest expense and depreciation. | |B) |Depreciation and dividends. | |C) |Dividends and non-interest expense. | |D) |Dividends and interest expense. | |E) |Dividends, interest expense, and depreciation. | |26. |Shirley adds $1 ,000 to her savings on the last day of each month. Shawn adds $1,000 to his savings on the first day of each | | |month. They both earn an 8% per year compounded quarterly rate of return. What is the difference in their savings account | | |balances at the end of 35 years? | |A) |$13,923. 34 | |B) |$15,794. 64 | |C) |$16,776. 34 | |D) |$14,996. 47 | |E) |$12,846. 88 | Use the following to answer questions 27-30: |KLM, Inc. |2006 Income Statement | |Net sales |$3,685 | |Cost of goods sold |$3,180 | |Depreciation |$104 | |Earnings before interest and taxes |$401 | |Interest paid |$25 | |Taxable income |$376 | |Taxes |$128 | |Net income |$248 | |Dividends paid |$60 | |Addition to retained earnings |$188 | | | |KLM Corporation | |Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2005 and 2006 | | | | |2005 |2006 | |2005 |2006 | |Cash |$520 |$601 |Accounts payable |$621 |$704 | |Accounts rec. $235 |$219 |Notes payable |$333 |$272 | |Inventory |$964 |$799 |Current liabilities |$954 |$976 | |Current assets |$1,719 |$1,619 |Long-term debt |$350 |$60 | |Net fixed assets |$890 |$930 |Common stock |$800 |$820 | | | | |R etained earnings |$505 |$693 | |Total assets |$2,609 |$2,549 |Total liabilities and Owner’s equity |$2,609 |$2,549 | |27. |What is the net capital spending for 2006? | |A) |$208 | |B) |$144 | |C) |-$144 | |D) |$64 | |E) |-$64 | |28. |What is the cash flow from assets for 2006? |A) |$1,307 | |B) |$2,259 | |C) |$355 | |D) |$2,503 | |E) |$111 | |29. |What is the operating cash flow for 2006? | |A) |$480 | |B) |$169 | |C) |$425 | |D) |$272 | |E) |$377 | |30. |What is the change in net working capital for 2006? |A) |$122 | |B) |$643 | |C) |$765 | |D) |-$643 | |E) |-$122 | |31. |A number of years ago you bought some land for $100,000. Today it is worth $225,000. If the land has been rising is price by | | |5% per year compounded annually, how long have you owned the land? | |A) |14. 1 years | |B) |16. years | |C) |Can’t be determined with the given information | |D) |13. 8 years | |E) |12. 4 years | |FV = PV (1+tr) |[pic] | |FV = PV (1+r)t |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |Total Dollar Return (TDR) = Dividend Income + Capital Gain (Loss) | | | | | |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |Variance of returns [pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |Arbitrage Pricing Theory |PV of CCA tax shield [pic] | |[pic] | | |Current Ratio |= |Current Assets | |Total Asset |= |Sales | | | |Current Liabilities | |Turnover | |Total Assets | | | | | | | | | |Quick Ratio |= |Current Assets – Inventory | |ROA |= |Net Income | | |Current Liabilities | | | |Total Assets | | | | | | | | | |Inventory Turnover |= |COGS | |ROE |= |Net Income | | | |Inventory | | | |Total Equity | | | | | | | | | |Cash Ratio |= |Cash | |P/E Ratio |= |Price/common share | | | |Current Liabilities | | | |EPS | | | | | | | | | |Receivables |= |Sales | |Dividend Payout |= |DPS | |Turnover | |Accounts Receivable | |Ratio | |EPS | | | | | | | | | |D/E Ratio |= |Total Debt | |Dividend Payout |= |Cash Dividends | | | |Total Equity | |Ratio | |Net Income | | | | | | | | | |Total Debt Ratio |= |Total Debt | |Market to Book | |Price / Common share | | | |Total Assets | |Ratio |= |Book value of equity | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Equity multiplier |= |Total Assets | |Profit |= |Net Income | | | |Total Equity |Margin | |Sales | | | | | | | | | |Net Working |= |Net Working Capital | |Interval Measure |= |Current Assets | |Capital-Total Asset | |Total Assets | | | |Average Daily Operating Costs | | | | | | | | | |Long Term Debt |= |Long Term Debt | |Cash Coverage |= |EBIT + Depreciation | |Ratio | |Total Equity + LT Debt | |Ratio | |Interest | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Days’ Sales in |= |365 Days | |Days’ Sales in |= |365 Days | |Receivables | |Receivables Turnover | |Inventory | |Inventory Turnover | | | | | | | | | |Internal Growth |= |ROA x R | |‘Sustainable |= |ROE x R | |Rate | |1 – ROA x R | |Growth Rate | |1  œ ROE x R | | | | | | | | | | | | | |‘Sustainable |= |p(S/A)(1+D/E) x R | | | | | |Growth Rate | |1 – p(S/A)(1+D/E) x R | | | | | | | | | |NWC |= |Sales | |Fixed Asset |= |Sales | |Turnover | |NWC | |Turnover | |Net Fixed Assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Times Interest |= |EBIT | |CF from Assets = | | | | | |Operating CF – Cap Ex – Additions to NWC | | | | | | | | | | | |Operating CF = EBIT + Deprec – Tax | | | | | |=Sales – Costs – Taxes | | | | | |= (Sales – Costs) x (1 – Tc) + Deprec x Tc | | | | | | | | | | | |Cap Ex = End Gross FA – Beg Gross FA | | | | | |Cap Ex = End Net FA – Beg Net FA + Deprec | | | | | | | | | | |Add to NWC = End NWC – Beg NWC | | | | | | | | | | | |CF to Debtholders = Interest – Net New Debt | | | | | | | | | | | |CF to Shareholders = Divs – Net New Equi ty | | | | | | | | | | | |CF from Assets = CF to Debtholders + CF to | | | | | |Shareholders | |Earned | |Interest Charges | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Answer Key |2. |E | |3. |E | |4. |E | |5. B | |6. |E | |7. |D | |8. |A | |9. |A | |10. |A | |11. |A | |12. |C | |13. |A | |14. C | |15. |D | |16. |E | |17. |E | |18. |C | |19. |D | |20. |C | |21. |D | |22. D | |23. |C | |24. |C | |25. |A | |26. |D | |27. |B | |28. |C | |29. |E | |30. |E | |31. |B | How to cite Fin300 Midterm, Essay examples

Commemorative Speech Outline Sample Essay Example For Students

Commemorative Speech Outline Sample Essay To inform my audience about what happens during stylostixis. how it works. what it can handle. and its usage in Western civilization. Cardinal IdeaAcupuncture is the interpolation of acerate leafs into the tegument that can better the flow of energy. can handle a broad scope of medical conditions. and is being used combination with Western medical specialty. Pattern of OrganizationTopical Introduction Six months ago. my 78-year-old grandma was rapidly losing her independency. Severe arthritis in both articulatio genuss hampered her ability to take attention of herself. Shopping. acquiring around the vicinity. even walking down her front stairss was going about impossible. Pain medicines helped slightly. but the side effects created their ain jobs. Then her physician suggested stylostixis. My grandma was disbelieving at first. but she was willing to seek merely about anything. She did and the consequences were marvelous. After six hebdomads. her hurting and stiffness were significantly reduced. She was able to take attention of her flat once more. She could acquire out on her ain to travel shopping. to see friends and household. and to make the other things her arthritis had prevented in the yesteryear. Acupuncture restored her quality of life and her independency. My grandmas narrative is non alone. Performed for good over 2. 000 old ages in China and other parts of Asia. stylostixis is going more and more popular in the U. S. and other Western states for one simple ground. It works. Impressed by my grandmas experience. I began acupuncture interventions for my megrim concerns. and now the concerns are wholly gone. Not surprisingly. I wanted to cognize more about this intervention that produced such marvelous consequences for both my grandma and myself. Today I will portion portion of what I have learned by explicating what happens when you receive an stylostixis intervention. how acupuncture works. the sorts of medical conditions that can be treated by stylostixis. and the turning usage of stylostixis in combination with Western medical techniques. Lashkar-e-taibas start by looking at a typical stylostixis intervention. Body Acupuncture is the interpolation of acerate leafs into the tegument to accomplish a balanced flow of energy. which in bend restores and preserves wellness. Acupuncturists in the United States use sterilized acerate leafs that are separately packaged and are disposed of after a individual usage. The acerate leafs are so thin that the procedure is basically painless. Acupuncture acerate leafs are much smaller than the acerate leafs used for pulling blood or acquiring shootings. Here are some acerate leafs I received from my acupuncturist and will go through around after my address. They are so thin that you can barely state when they are inserted. There is normally no esthesis other than pain alleviation one time they have been inserted. After being left in for 20 to 30 proceedingss while you lie in a darkened room. the acerate leafs are removed and your intervention is over. Passage Now that you know what happens when you are treated by an acupuncturist. youre likely inquiring how acupuncture works. Acupuncture works by bettering the flow of energy in the organic structure. The procedure is explained by Dr. Felix Mann in Acupuncture The Ancient Chinese Art of Healing and How it Works Scientifically. Traditional Chinese medical specialty holds that every life procedure is based on the flow of critical energy through the organic structure. This energyknown in Chinese as qiflows along channels or tracts called acmes. The meridians cover the full organic structure. running from the top of the caput to the underside of the pess and down both weaponries. .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69 , .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69 .postImageUrl , .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69 , .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69:hover , .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69:visited , .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69:active { border:0!important; } .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69:active , .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69 .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue281edd08a1a32587b3be2cb1b011f69:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Contemporary China EssayWhen the free flow of energy through these acmes is blocked. the consequence is hurting. unwellness. disease. or other physical jobs. The purpose of stylostixis is to reconstruct the unfastened flow of energy through the acmes. This is done by puting the acerate leafs at specific points on the acmes. Wholly there are more than 1. 000 stylostixis points on the acmes. In China there is a stating There is no hurting if there is free flow if there is hurting. there is no free flow. The grounds is clear that stylostixis works in handling a broad scope of medical conditions. The World Health Organization lists more than 40 conditions that can be efficacio usly treated with stylostixis. A survey in the Annalss of Internal Medicine confirms that stylostixis relieves low-back hurting. The American Cancer Society reports that stylostixis may assist tobacco users kick their wont. Peoples besides use stylostixis to construct the immune system. to command allergic reactions. and to battle depression and anxiousness. You cant use stylostixis to mend a broken arm. but people in Asia frequently use it during surgery alternatively of Western anaesthesia. and it can rush recovery clip after surgery. A figure of clinics and infirmaries are uniting stylostixis with Western medical specialty to supply their patients the benefits of both. Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston has added stylostixis to its health centre. Dr. Lonnie Zeltzer of the Mattel Childrens Hospital at UCLA says that stylostixis truly does assist. Most kids accept stylostixis. and in fact. truly experience good about it. Neurologist Allan Gordon. Director of the Wasser Pain Management Center at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto. Canada. says that adding stylostixis to the infirmary expands the intervention available to chronic hurting sick persons and provides multiple options for attention to our patients. The National Institutes for Health study that more than 8 million Americans have tried stylostixis. and its usage throughout the remainder of the Western universe is turning fast. Decision Today we have learned what happens during an stylostixis intervention. how acupuncture works. some of the unwellnesss that can be treated with stylostixis. and the turning integrating of stylostixis with Western attacks to medicate. I hope that you now know more about this ancient medical pattern and the benefits it can supply. After old ages of incredulity about stylostixis. the West is eventually get downing to acknowledge that stylostixis is a extremely effectual manner to better wellness and to cut down hurting and agony. Just inquire my grandma.

Habermas and the Public Sphere

Introduction In 1962, Harbeneas introduced the concept of public sphere as an ideal and also as an empirical description through his seminal work â€Å"The structural transformation of the public sphere: an inquiry into a category of Bourgeois society†. Through his work, he created the impression that the public sphere was an arena where different people would come together to discuss issues of social interest.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Habermas and the Public Sphere specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his opinion, every person was an equal participant and had an equal chance to participate in the open discussions (Colhoun 1992). Bennet et al. (2004) adds a contemporary twist to the public sphere definition by stating that it is â€Å"the collection of places and spaces-from neighbourhood cafes to internet chat rooms- where private individuals can speak their minds in public, form opinions and becom e independent agents in governing the state† ( p. 437). In the contemporary society, the media has assumed a major role as an informer, educator and an entertainer to the masses. In capitalist societies, it also takes a mediating role between the social life, the economy and the state. In Kellner (2006) opinion however, the media have been neglecting its mandate as a tool to promote democracy and serve the public interest. As such, the author argues that the media has for decades now forfeited the crucial role of aiding the formation of a democratic society. Drawing similarities between the current day communication media and what Habermas refers to as the â€Å"steering media†, Kellner (2006) argues that the media has a major role to play in the public sphere and especially in regard to promoting democracy, yet is has failed to rise to the occasion allowing a crisis in the public sphere to take place. But does Habermas theorise the functions and nature of present-day c ommunication media? Well, his writings suggest that he perceived the media as a tool for information transmission. To him, the media was not as important as debates and the eventual consensus building that formed the basis of democratic process (Habermas 1992). This explains why he chose to highlight the dissimilarity between â€Å"the communicative generation of legitimate power on hand and the manipulative deployment of media power to procure mass loyalty, consumer demand and compliance with systemic imperatives on the other† (p. 452). Analysing the above quote one gets the impression that Habermas did not consider the media as a tool that could bring about democratic transformation as he perceives it (media) as a tool that can easily be manipulated, and also interested in power and money. This means that Habermas excluded the media from contributing to the democratization process through giving people a platform where they could equally participate in debates and social di scussions (Relic 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Kellner (2006), Habermas’ rigid perception of the media is partly explained by the fact that his perception of public sphere was defined at a time when print media was the only prominent form of media. During this time, Kellner (2006) observes that the print media fostered arguments that were rational, objective and agreeable. Being a writer who got his opinions and concepts published in print media, Kellner (2006) believes Habermas had an open bias against other forms of media, which include broadcast (radio and TV) and the internet. This is despite the fact that broadcast media and the internet was presenting the society with new forums where public debate could be held. In Kellner’s observation, the public sphere as stipulated by Habermas would be incomplete in its democratization attempt s without the active participation of the ‘fourth estate’ as the media is commonly known. But why does Kellner reach to this conclusion? Well, in most democracies, governments constitute three arms namely: the executive, the judiciary and the legislature. While these three arms of government are meant to maintain the checks and balances that would prevent abuse of power, the media, usually plays the crucial role of highlighting some of the shortcomings in government that the three arms would naturally keep mum about. In an apt definition of its role, it’s right to say that media in democracies play a watch-dog role in all institutions of government. If one was to define democracy using Abraham Lincoln’s terms, it is â€Å"government by the people, of the people and for the people†. This then means that the governed people have a key role to play in a democracy. Notably however, people cannot play an active role if they are not properly informed. Her e is where the media chips in. According to Kellner (2006), the media balances power by providing the necessary checks and balances to a government. In their additional role, they should serve as informers and cultivators of active citizens who are ready to participate in governance whenever the need arises. Failure by the media to inform and educate the citizens, or failure to check the excesses of government would lead to a crisis in the respective democracies. In Habermas’s theories, one gets the impression that the media is a sounding board through which social problems can be voiced to the political system.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Habermas and the Public Sphere specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Based on his description of the public sphere, this essay holds the opinion that the contemporary media can easily fit into the public sphere. This is because, the media is able to gather information fr om different corners of a society, broadcast the same, and encourage people to react on the same and even raise discussion issues where people can debate and exchange opinions regarding the same. According to Kellner (2006) the democratic theory requires the public sphere to highlight social problems, give them a theme and if possible amplify them in such a manner as to catch the attention of the law makers. Out of the debates that take place in the public sphere, possible solutions can also be given to the law makers or other branches of government. The contemporary media fits this discussion as it provides the public with a discussion forum outside the political confines and as a result, people are free to debate specific social issues and come up with possible solutions that they would like to see implemented by the government. According to Sani (2009), for the contemporary media to fit the public sphere as defined by Habermas, it needs to be free, fair and objective. This means that whenever the media is laying down an agenda for the public to pursue, then it would have no hidden motives. Rather, it would be pursuing the need to promote and preserve democracy and the independent institutions of the government. Further, the media should be accountable as a watchdog. The equal platform offered by media for people to debate and discuss issues conforms to the public sphere definition. According to Sani (2009), the free and fair media should hold the notion that every person has a valuable contribution that he or she can make. This is supported by the idea that â€Å"there is no way of telling where a good idea will come from; valuable contributions come in different forms; a person’s contribution has the capacity to stimulate better ideas in others. It can also be refuted, reformulated or some value added to it† (p.5). In one of its critical roles, the media serves as an information tool that disseminated educative and informative information to the masses, which in turn leads to development in given societies. In democracies, the role of the media is voicing the lowly voices which otherwise would not be heard is crucial to fair representation (Sani 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More More to this, the media acts as the public informer on the activities of the government. According to Sani, â€Å"the public has a legal right to know what its government is doing and the press is the representative of the public in finding that out† (p. 12). In a participatory society, the public’s right to information is crucial since it avails the information needed to create social awareness, which is in turn important in bringing out the truth about political controversies. Giving a voice to public opinion The media in democracies is expected to voice public opinion objectively to allow the respective governments understand what the public supports or dissents. However, political reality suggests that the newsmakers have a major effect on the news aired by the media unlike the ordinary citizens. Political observes however note that the news makers are often representative of the public opinion although this is not unanimously agreed (Sani 2009). It is also apparen t that sometimes the media fails to keep in touch with public opinion since it lacks the necessary connection with the public. Sani using the example of the media in the United States notes that while free speech is allowed, the degree of which the media is ready to engage in the same is often questionable. In some cases, the media is very outspoken and often seems to investigate all leads to the story, while other stories are treated more cautiously. The language, the tone and emphasis used by the media when covering stories affect how the public perceive the public event. Accusations of biasness in the media also seem to jeopardise its role in the public sphere. The US media for example reporting about the war in the Middle East seems biased towards Palestine. Most highlights create the impression that Palestine is the perpetrators and attracts the wrath of the Israeli’s. But is this usually the case? Or do the US media deliberately shield most of the atrocities by the Isra elis towards the Palestinians? While journalists may be to blame for this kind of partial reporting, where they gather their news from is the most likely sources of their biases. According to Sani (2009), news sources mainly feature selected institutions, which exclude the general public. More to this, opinions voiced by elite people in the society are given more weight than opinions from the ordinary citizens. Views expressed by ideological dissenters are also ignored. This goes against Habermas concept of equality in the participation of debates held in the public sphere. Sani notes that opinions voiced by the public receive quaint treatment often being ignored or simply published on the back or inner pages of the media. This however changes when electoral politics are concerned. Suddenly, public opinions become important because after all, the public forms the electorate and therefore the power to elect people to governance posts lies with them. The same scenario is repeated in m atters that require public support. Even in such issues, the media needs to play an important role in alerting people that they need to judge the political scene in order to influence politics in their jurisdictions. Public sphere According to Sani (2009), â€Å"the public sphere is the means through which democratic decisions are reached† (p. 20). For media to be seen as a public sphere however, it needs to be accessible to all publics and also needs to be representative of all people. Traditionally, the media provided the link between the government and the governed people. Considering the definition of democracy discussed earlier in this essay, it is clear that the role of the media as an informer and an educator of the masses is almost a clear cut. By providing the public with the right information, the media empowers them to not only make informed decisions regarding the form of leadership that is most appropriate for them, but also enable the public to hold the governme nt accountable. In the liberal theory, the public sphere â€Å"is an arena between the distinct areas of state and civil society that guarantees the protection of an individual† (p. 20). This suggests that the liberals perceive the public sphere as a political domain, while media is associated with the government. Considering that liberals believe that the civil society should have more powers over the government, it is clear that the media in their perspective is expected to meet the information needs presented by the society. Notably however, privatisation and conglomeration which are current trends in the media industry hampers free flow of information, which in turn means that the media does not fully meet its democratic ideals (Sani 2009). In the contemporary society Kellner (2006) argues that the public sphere needs to be redefined in order to include political struggles, discussions, information sharing and contestations that take place in public forums. The new defini tion according to the author also needs to take account of new developments in the media and hence needs to include new discussion platforms such as the cyberspace, face-to-face discussions as well as the wide array of broadcast media. These forms of media are creating public spheres where debate, information sharing, and discussions can take place. The platforms advanced by the new forms of media can be used by intellectuals and activists to engage the masses for purposes of intervening in affairs affecting a specific society. With internet use becoming commonly used among a sizeable fraction of the population, a new public sphere is in the making and it would be foolhardy to ignore the developments occurring therein. Blog sites have now presented people with real time discussion platforms where they are able to voice their opinions regarding a specific issue. As such, Kellner (2006) observes that the web platforms have the capability to revitalize democracy by increasing the distr ibution of progressive and critical ideas to the masses, in addition to creating new possibilities for promoting positions, attaining social control and manipulating the masses. To stress the role that the media plays in the public sphere, Kellner (2006) predicts that political wars in future will be fought not only in the traditional sites like parliament and the streets, but will also penetrate new realms in the computer world as well as other broadcast media. To this end, the author suggests that people interested in the culture and politics of the future should be willing to delve in the new public spheres created by information technologies. The new challenge with information technologies producing a new form of public sphere lies in ensuring that the platforms created are not used as manipulative tools, but are rather used to educate and inform the masses. According to Kellner (2006), this can only be attained if people engaged in the democratic process teach the masses on the right and beneficial way of using the new technologies. Such would include teaching them how top articulate interest and experiences on the new platforms and ways through which people can promote beneficial and objective debates amongst themselves. By doing this, the World Wide Web would create a new platform where new ideas would be shared amongst people and even common issues affecting everyone in the world like climate change would be discussed and solutions proposed. The advantages of the new public sphere are identified by Abrash (2006) as easy access; social networks; and scalability. In regard to easy access, everyone who has access to the internet can participate in the relationships and online debates. The social networks on the other hand are not structured. Rather, people join voluntarily thus meeting the standards set by Habermas that debates would be open to all willing participants. Regarding scalability, Abrash (2006) notes that the social networks where public debat es take place start small and gradually grow to massive numbers. In some cases, participants are able to consolidate resources that promote growth and development in their respective areas. Unlike traditional broadcast media which is regulated by the media code of ethics, and in-house rules that sets the boundaries of what can be published or not, there are concerns regarding the regulation of new technologies (Kellner 2006). More to this, there are also concerns about funding and accountability. No doubt these are challenges that will need to be addressed as the internet progresses to a fully fledged public sphere where democratic principles can be exchanged. There is also no denying that the open participation structure adopted by contemporary media can turn chaotic. This then raises the need for a structure, which not only regulates the debates, but also sets specific rules on how participants can behave (Abrash 2006). This would ensure that the new public spheres are accountable , but does not means that people cannot speak as freely. There is also the challenge of misinformation generated in new public forums as well as polarized discussion that seem to favour one group of the divide. Using the example of popular blog sites in the US, Abrash (2006) notes that white men are the dominant contributors. In such a case therefore, one would expect that the debates would not be inclusive of female opinions as well as opinions from people from other races. In future therefore and in an attempt to promote democratic tendencies in such media, there will be a need to ensure that such media include diverse voices from different sections of the society. Sustainability of the new media is also a key challenge. This is especially the case considering that the internet is a highly competitive environment, which would need a solid foundation and support from the participants in order to survive. Abrash (2006) further notes that sustainability would also call for the public media to engage with the market-driven economy in order to secure sponsorship and funding. There is no ignoring that the web-based media will be subject to policy issues. At present, it seems that the web-based media is yet to receive the protection needed to ensure it survival and longevity in the public sphere. This then means that policies need to be formulated and enforced in order to encourage people to nurture and protect the public sphere created by the internet. Such policies could also encourage citizens to participate in the public spaces created. According to Abrash (2006) however, the media holds opportunities for the public sphere unequalled by any other platforms where people can meet and discuss issues. For example, the media is capable of â€Å"modelling new public behaviours† (p. 8). This assertion is informed by the fact that media has given the public a platform where opinions can be voiced. In an attempt to diffuse polarized opinions, the media uses moder ators who set a coherent discourse of a debate. The ability of the contemporary media to broadcast over long distances sometimes transcending continental boundaries means that the participation and engagement of the public is also wider. The contemporary media also encourages public spheres to be concentrated on shared interests and issues (Abrash 2006). Again, the ability if contemporary media to transcend national and geographical boundaries means that groups with similar interest regionally, nationally or globally can share their ideas and opinions on a common media platform. With the internet gaining a central place in all these, face-to-face discussions are replaced by real-time virtual discussions. But what benefits has this had on the public sphere? Well, according to Relgic (2005) the technological innovations in the media have opened political possibilities that were unattainable in the past. For example, the authoritarian governments that prevented people from accessing in formation are finding it harder to prevent such information from circulating. However, this does not in any way mean that the democratization process is easier to attain with the information age; Rather, how governments and the public use the new forms of media to create awareness is what really matters. Examples Media use in peace times As indicated elsewhere in this essay, climate change is affecting people of all walks of life regardless of where they are in the world. This then is an issue of public importance that is being discussed in numerous forums. While meetings between countries are only occasional, the debate on the climate change and the environmental impact that people are experiencing as a result is an ongoing debate in the media. As Dobson (2008) notes, the environment is a common-pool resources, which is subject to abuse by some self-serving people at the disadvantage who are interested doing their part to maintain it. In a website that publishes articles that cover ecological and sustainability issues in the world, Dobson (2008) offers his opinion about what is jeopardising efforts to conserve the environment. More specifically, he zeros in on ‘free-riders’ who take no active role in conserving environment, yet they benefit from the same environment in equal measures and possibly even more than who take conservation measures do. Dobson (2008) uses the platform availed by the web to pass his arguments to readers that tradable carbon permits, which have been advocated as a solution to the climate change problem and those who continue to abuse the climate is not a solution, but only enhances the problem. He argues that carbon traders set the prices at ridiculously low prices thus jeopardising the entire notion of carbon cap trading. He proposes a different type of solution where the public need to be informed that environment conservation should be a priority not because of the self benefits that people can accrue from the same, but because it benefits each and every individual in equal measure. Yet, Dobson (2008) correctly predicts that such a process would still be dogged by the ‘free-rider’ problem. To this, he notes that the solution to climate change would have to include cultural, economic, political and technological ideals in order to be successful. Most of all, the government would need to expand and protect the public sphere for environment protection to take place. According to Dobson, privatisation of key public sectors is putting the public interests at compromised positions because private properties are protected by law. By privatising key public services, the government is aiding in the corrosion of public sphere as well as the interest of the majority of the people. In his argument, Dobson (2008) believes that privatisation is having a major impact on the public sphere and no wonder pool resources like the environment are being exploited by self-seeking private citizens. In a plat form like the one used by Dobson, one gets the impression that a wide access of by people who have been wondering about government’s approach to environment conservation could have elicited more comments. Presently, only one person has commented on the article meaning that either people have not yet accessed the forum, or do not find Dobson’s argument worth commenting about. This then raises doubts about effectiveness of new media as a debate platform in the public sphere. Hobson (2009) observes that public debates regarding climate change often involve opinions voiced from cultural understandings, personal experiences and also from scientific understanding. When such varied opinions are brought together on a public forum, the participants perceive the debate as highly significant since it relates to policies set by government and practices observed by the public. Such debates are therefore more likely to shape the public collective perceptions about environmental matt ers. The just concluded coverage of the British elections is an example of media coverage in peace times. Though the British media is supposed to give all parties equal coverage in the run-up to the general elections, Labour party and its leader Gordon Brown received 53 percent of the total media coverage, while the Conservative party and its leader David Cameron received 32 percent of the total media coverage. The Liberal Democratic Party and its leader Nick Clegg received the least coverage with only 15 percent coverage (O’Leary analytics, 2010). War time example The media has always been an information tool during war time, not only providing up to date information of the happenings in the battle fields, but also creating a sense of unity among the government, the army and the public (Stevenson 1995). The Falklands war, which occurred in Britain in the 1980s is such one example where the media took an active role in disseminating information and creating forums where peopl e could voice their opinions regarding the war. As one would expect, war times are laden with tension and the public have deep concerns about the welfare of the country. As Stevenson (1995) notes, the Falklands War was no different. The media at the time was not as liberal as the case today and depended much on the directives offered by the Defence minister during their coverage. Lobby systems also affected the news that was aired to the public as well as the judgement held by journalists regarding what the public would like to hear. Stevenson (1995) notes that the media had an open bias during the war. He argues that the media coverage misrepresented women by portraying them in their traditional home making roles despite the fact that they (women) were more actively engaged in economic activities following large numbers of men going to war. Meyer Moors (2006) argues that the media did not attempt to go above the prevailing societal norms that did not perceive women as part of the public. â€Å"From a man’s viewpoint, the female public spheres had to be secret, and were thus invisible and inaccessible to men† (p. 122). Media bias was especially evident in the coverage of the Iraq War by Western media. A statement released by journalism analysts about the state of the news media in 2005 reported that Fox News, which is a major cable Network in the United States, was openly biased in its coverage of the war in Iraq. Fox news was not alone in this. According to Global policy forum (2009), a lot of media in the US fed the public with sensational and one sided stories. According to Relgic’ (2005), the media though undoubtedly presenting the public with a platform where they can communicate and debate issues more promptly and with few inhibitions is being affected negatively by biased reporting and lack of objectivity. The author points out on the declining public trust suffered by the media even as the number of media stations and mass media c hannels continue to increase. Notably however, the media is not on this downward trend alone. Politicians and governments are not as trusted by the public as was the case in the past. Relgic’ (2005) however argues that the over supply of media channels to the public is probably overwhelming them and eroding the trust they had in the media. More so, the infiltration of all types of content into the media means that cultural values are being eroded. To the public, this is a worrying trend that not only threatens the national identity, but also the social coherence and democracy that a more society-centred public sphere would have provided. But is there any evidence to support such allegations? Well, if the negative perceptions radiated by people and the declining participation of people in electoral processes especially in the western democracies are anything to go by, then this might be indeed true (Calhoun 1992). Do the media meet the criteria of public sphere? Contemporary m edia in the world is either open in their news discourse and the ability to encourage public debate or closed where news content is determined by the elite (Bennet Et al., 2004). In different times, especially when countries are embroidered in war, the media is not consistent in it coverage giving away their biases and lack of objectivity to the public. In the 1992 riots that occurred in Los Angeles, the US media was for example very candid in their coverage. The media gave rioters a forum where they could air their grievances to the government (Bennet et al., 2004). However, the exact opposite can be said about the coverage of the 1991 gulf war. While the debate about the war was valid, the media did not give the dissenting voices as much coverage and as a result, their opinions did not grasp the attention of the government and politicians as would have been the case if the media had covered their plight with a more dedicated intensity. In journalistic training, journalists are tau ght about how to distinguish what is newsworthy and what is not. Bennet et al. (2004) observes that conflicts that involve the elite are especially news worth airing. Stories that engage the public interest are also considered newsworthy. For example, presidential declaration, speeches or interventions always attract news coverage as do tragic news that includes deaths. Extraordinary happenings, which typify the clichà © â€Å"man bites dog†, are also considered newsworthy as is the case with scandals, which feed the appetite of sensational journalism. Overall, news is gathered by indexing, strategic communication or coverage of breaking news. In some cases, journalists are able to combine the three to come up with a story. The ultimate test of public involvement however can be measured through gauging if the news has covered diverse voices; identifying and comparing the values in the voices; and the inclusion of opposing views in the story for purposes of upholding objectiv ity. According to Bennet et al. (2004), the more of these measures a news story meets, the greater public sphere does such news give to the public thus allowing more deliberations. The author argues that meeting the three measures allows the consumers of the news to consider the different perspectives highlighted in the story before forming an opinion. Conclusion Today and in line with Stevenson (1995) assertions, the media remains a vital tool in the public sphere for three reasons: Its independence from the state and the economy thus allowing it to occupy an institutional space unmatched by other instruments in the public sphere; public media provides a broad arena where diverse groups can exchange ideas and opinions; and the media is well able of addressing members of the public as individual citizens instead of consumers. However, there is no denying that the media remain weak when compared with the authorities, which dictate the environment through which the media should work i n. While the media succeeds to a large extent in enhancing accountability and transparency in governance, there is no denying that the extent of media coverage is only successful to the extent that the government in power allows it. Often, this happens because the classified government information can not be accessed by the media, unless in situations where someone leaks it to them. Trying to obtain government information through acts that states that the public has a right to information that is in their interest often fails because governments can always use state security as a reason why such information cannot be released to the public. Regardless of the media’s effort to foster discussions or inform the public, this essay holds the opinion that the contemporary media does not come close to the public sphere ideals defined by Habermas, whereby civility, mutual respect and dialogue were defined as the core values of deliberations, while the closure of an issue would involv e recognising other people involved in the deliberations and a final attempt to reach a consensus. Instead, today’s media provides provocative analysis, but the levels through which the public can engage in the discussion or still gain recognition and responses for their contribution is still not as clear cut as the Habermas definition would have it. References Abrash, B. (2006) Digital Media and the Public Sphere. Centre for social media. Web. Bennet, L. Et al. (2004) Managing the Public Sphere: Journalistic construction of the great globalization debate. Journal of Communication, 9(1), 437-454. Calhoun, C. (1992) Habermas and the public sphere. MIT press, Cambridge, MA. Dobson, A. (2008) Climate Change and the public sphere. Web. Global Policy Forum (2009) Media coverage of Iraq. Web. Habermas, J. (1992) Further reflections on the Public Sphere, in Calhoun C (ED) Habermas and the Public Sphere. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Hobson, K. (2009) Climate change and the re-invigorati on of the public sphere: issues, methodologies and the way(s) forward. Earth and Environmental Science, 6(1), 1307-1311. Kellner, D. (2006) Habermas, the Public Sphere, and Democracy: A critical Intervention. 1-17. Web. Meyer, B. Moors, A. (2006) Religion, media, and the public sphere. Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press. O’Leary Analytics (2010). UK General election 2010 online media coverage of the parties and their leaders. Web. Relic, D. (2005) Media, civil society and the quest for transparency and accountability of the security sector. Working paper, FG2 (01), 2-11. Sani, M. A. (2009) The public sphere and media politics in Malaysia. Newcastle, Cambridge scholars. Stevenson, N. (1995) Understanding media cultures. Sage, London. The state of the news media. (2005) An annual report on American journalism: Cable TV. Web. This essay on Habermas and the Public Sphere was written and submitted by user L1v1a to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A History of the Horn, Better Known as the French Horn

A History of the Horn, Better Known as the French Horn Throughout the last six centuries, the evolution of horns has gone from the most basic of instruments used for hunting and announcements to more sophisticated musical versions designed to elicit the most melodious sounds. The First Horns The history of horns starts with the use of actual animal horns, hollowed out of the marrow, and blown into to create loud sounds announcing celebrations and the start of feasts, as well as for sharing warnings, such as the approach of enemies and threats. The Hebrew shofar is a classic example of an animal horn that was, and still is, widely used in celebrations. These culturally significant rams horns are used to announce major holidays and celebrations, such as Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. However, the basic animal horn does not allow for much manipulation of sound other than what the user can do with his mouth. Rafael Ben-Ari/Getty Images Transitioning From Communication Tool to Musical Instrument Making the transition from a method of communication to a way to create music, horns were first formally seen being used as musical instruments during 16th-century operas. They were made from brass and mimicked the structure of the animal horn. Unfortunately, they provided a challenge for adjusting notes and tones. As such, horns of different lengths were introduced, and players had to switch between them throughout a performance. While this did provide some added flexibility, it wasnt an ideal solution, and horns werent widely used. During the 17th century, additional modifications to the horn were seen, including the enhancement of the bell end (larger and flared bells) of the horn. After this alteration was made, the cor de chasse, or French horn as the English called it, was born. The first horns were monotone instruments. But in 1753, a German musician called Hampel invented the means of applying movable slides (crooks) of various length that changed the key of the horn. In 1760, it was discovered rather than invented that placing a hand over the bell of the French horn lowered the tone, called stopping. Devices for stopping were later invented, which further enhanced the sound that performers could create. In the early 19th century, pistons and valves, instead of crooks, were used, giving birth to the modern French horn and eventually the double French horn. This new design allowed for an easier transition from note to note, without having to switch instruments, which meant performers could keep a smooth and uninterrupted sound. It also allowed for players to have a wider range of tones, which created more complex and harmonic sound. Despite the fact that the term French horn has been widely accepted as the proper name of this instrument, its modern design was actually developed by German builders and is most frequently manufactured in Germany. As such, many experts assert that the proper name for this instrument should simply be a horn. Who Invented the French Horn? Tracing the invention of the French horn to one person is tricky. However, two inventors are named as the first to invent a valve for the horn. According to the Brass Society, Heinrich Stoelzel (1777–1844), a member of the band of the Prince of Pless, invented a valve that he applied to the horn by July 1814 (considered the first French horn) and Friedrich Blà ¼hmel (fl. 1808–before 1845), a miner who played trumpet and horn in a band in Waldenburg, is also associated with the invention of the valve. Edmund Gumpert and Fritz Kruspe are both credited with inventing double French horns in the late 1800s. German Fritz Kruspe, who has been noted most often as the inventor of the modern double French horn, combined the pitches of the horn in F with the horn in B-flat in 1900.

E-Commerce Insider Threats Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E-Commerce Insider Threats - Research Paper Example In addition, a major element of the problem appears from poor systems engineering of networks and software. However, to effectively deal with these imprecision and ambiguities in the business information system there is need to minimize the system loop holes and problems regarding the effective management and operational handling. Furthermore, the management of the business information security and operations has turned out to be a main task in business. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the current state of insider threats to computer systems and infrastructure in terms of numbers, costs and potential problems. The main intention of this research is offer a comprehensive overview of the different insider threats to computer systems for E-Commerce. Shaw, Ruby, & M. (1998) outlined that the ideal business information systems protection besides all outer and inner threats is not possible. The main difficulty of monitoring against the business information security threats has been an important aspect of the literature, and business information system development (Shaw, Ruby, & M., 1998). However, the main problem is the inherent complexity of the business systems. Thus, here are problems in terms of some recognized techniques offering business impressions that are not practical solutions. In this case more and more challenges are coming out in form of virus and worms (Graham, 2005). Cho, Chang, Kim, & Choi (2003) stated that in this new age of information corporations are completely dependent upon the complex information systems. In addition, these systems are in a greater danger in terms of vulnerability of systems to computer information security and crime attacks. Thus, the high-tech environment and technological experts are n eeded to develop, manage, and maintain these business information systems (Cho, Chang, Kim, & Choi, 2003). According to (Shaw,

International Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Management - Assignment Example The market was one of rising costs, reduced prices, high competition, and low-cost models. The average selling prices were down by a whopping 35% and there was a clamor for cheaper models in emerging economies and developing markets. The basic phones were available for $ 50, with low end models being available for as low as $ 25 and even $ 10. Multinational set up operations and set new standards for wages, training and technology transfer. An environment of meritocracy was being created and which hard work, ethical behavior and a desire to learn were the watchwords. The fall of the iron curtain in Europe and the transition of State Societies, opened up new markets for Western Europe. Eastern Europe was expected to move towards 100% penetration levels in 2011, from the current 85%. The manufacturing process was being off shored to low cost countries, lately Eastern Europe. Labor costs much lower in Central European Countries than in other Western European Nations. Additionally, they also offered huge advantages in terms of high productivity and simple taxes. However, of late, wage costs were on the rise and labor force was beginning to shrink with people migrating to richer European nations like Britain and Germany. There are three levels of strategy – Corporate Strategy, Business Strategy and Functional Strategy. The corporate strategy deals with the vision and mission of an organization. The Mission of Nokia is â€Å"Connecting people†. Its strategic intention is to â€Å"Build great mobile products†. The word â€Å"Nokia† is named after the Nokia river in Southern Finland. Beginning as early as in 1865 and with a rich history of a century and half of innovation, Nokia transformed itself from a riverside paper mill in Southern Finland to a global telecommunications leader. A conglomerate of paper, rubber, cable and electrical companies, it was only in 1996 that Nokia turned its focus on the telecommunications business. This was an important strategic shift and by 1998, Nokia was the world leader in mobile industry. Its new strategy drive includes changes in leadership and manufacturing specialized products. Its recent strategic direction has taken multi-faceted dimensions : Broad strategic partnership with Microsoft Renew group to capture volumes and value growth Forward investments in next generation technologies Focus on specialized products. The business strategy talks about the strategies related to a specific business of an organization. More specifically, they deal with its products, markets and competitive advantages. Nokia had always prided itself on innovation, differentiation and in building great products through continuous investments in research and development. It does not shy away from investments as well as divestments and focuses on shareholder value by concentrating on core competencies. It always had the larger picture in mind and its decisions were based on global operations and internatio nal strategy and not country-focused. Adapting itself beautifully to global trends, Nokia increased its market presence in China, India, Germany, Indonesia and Russia. It slowly extricated itself form markets like Brazil, Spain and Italy. In 2008, Nokia was the

Finance Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finance - Term Paper Example This would be addressed as workers retire and personal investment accounts replace Social Security. The best solution to this is a substantial personal account option and not only Social Security. 2. Formulate a risk management proposal for a fictitious potential client. Using that same proposal, augment your offering to this client. Elaborate about a proposed health insurance plan, pension plan alternatives etc. If appropriate for your fictitious client, include a section regarding alternative risk transfer techniques and bond offerings. An important trend in recent years has been the increased used of derivatives. A derivative is any of your financial assets whose value is derived from the value of some other â€Å"underlying† asset. These derivatives can be used either to reduce risks or as a speculative investment also. In theory, the use of these derivatives should allow one to manage risk better. There are also premiums that can be added to lessen one’s burden of risks. This includes the inflation premium to compensate for the expected loss of purchasing power, the default risk premium just in case there will be default in the borrower and the maturity risk premium compensate for the interest rate risk. Judgment Rating is used when potential losses are difficult to quantify. In this case, statistics is not a reliable source to determine possible losses. In judgment rating, the underwriter must use his experience and intuition to individually evaluate each potential client. A good example of this includes ocean marine insurance. Class Rating is used when losses are quantifiable or statistics are reliable. Here, there is a manual rating where it is classified into brackets which makes it easy to determine pricing in insurance proposals that are offered to customers. It is the established people of parallel situations and the great number of available statistics which permits for the

The Consequences Of Being A Passive Listener English Language Essay

The Consequences Of Being A Passive Listener English Language Essay Listening is an essential part of communication and is different from hearing. Listening means paying constant attention and making sense of what is being said. Hearing on the other hand is merely acknowledging that someone is speaking. Hearing is passive while listening is active. Listening is a non verbal skill. It is the act of interpreting, remembering and understanding what has been said. A listener is of two types; a good listener and a bad listener. A good listener is one who is patient and calm. He is a critical thinker who listens to each word said carefully and without judgment or interruption. He is active, persistent and shows carefully consideration when listening to what is being said. A good listener can place himself in the shoes of others, see how what is being said impacts him and see their point of view. He can tune out distractions and focus on what the speaker is saying. He also makes notes and jots down the important points. He is attentive, does not interrupt and picks out verbal and non verbal cues from the speaker. He knows that listening is the primary source of knowledge. On the other hand a bad listener is the exact opposite of a good listener. He pretends to be listening to what is being said while he lets his mind wander to irrelevant issues. He does not pick out the main idea of what is being said and often finds what the speaker says to be boring. He listens to sounds rather than the words of what is being said. He gives in freely to distractions and is often a noisemaker who distracts the attention of others in the process. He is the person who is mostly to relaxed in class and sits in informal positions. Listening is also of two types; active listening and passive listening. Active listening is the act of hearing the words and identifying the feelings associated with the words. An active listener concentrates on what is being said and is able to tune out unnecessary distractions. To be an active listener one must show empathy, acceptance and willingness to take responsibility for completeness. An active listener shows reactions to prove that he is listening and has understood what has been said, this could be; nodding, making eye contact, facial expressions, asking questions, paraphrasing, not talking too much and so forth. Furthermore he reflects on the main point and summarizes what has been said. He is also able to pick out the verbal and non verbal cues from the speaker. Passive listening according to Baker(1971)is the listening done whereby there is little self perception or personal involvement on the part of the listener. A passive listener is one who is inattentive and uninvolved l does not identify the meaningful signals and cannot interpret what is being said. He listens without reaction and doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t show signs that he understands what is being said.. He is the type who interrupts the speaker before he or she finishes speaking. This is not the best listening habit. A passive listener can be illustrated as a rock, he can be seen but he does not absorb any information. It goes in through one ear and comes out the other. He is the type that easily forgets and stores irrelevant information in his memory. He often misses out on the verbal and non verbal cues given by the speaker during a conversation. He lets his mind wander far and near during a conversation and appears to be listening but is really somewhere else. He does not contr ibute to the subject and doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t give back feedbacks. A passive reader has a short concentration span. Attention is a requirement of learning. We cannot understand, learn or remember something unless we pay attention. Passive attention is uncontrolled and dependant on external factors. There are various consequences of being a passive listener. Some of which are discussed below; Passive listeners practice hearing i.e. they hear only the sounds coming out of the speakers mouth. They do do not cultivate good listening skills i.e. they are not effective listeners. They do not make a habit out of listening attentively and understanding what is being said. They pretend to listen while letting their minds wander supreme, giving in to distractions and so on. Passive listeners have a short concentration span; this means that they only concentrate for short periods of time. Due to distractions which they may give out or receive, they allow their mind to wander to irrelevant issues which do not concern what they are listening to. When they find a topic boring or difficult their state of mind changes towards that topic .i.e. they are instantly put off by it and are not encouraged to learn more, they pretend to listen and understand and do not concentrate on what is being said. Also, passive listeners miss out the key points and the main idea of what is being said. They only surface listen which is pretending to listen. Even though they are physically present there mind is not. They do not watch out for the importance of the lesson. Again due to distractions or voluminous jottings they miss out the verbal and non verbal cues the speaker gives out. In addition to, passive listeners do not focus completely on what the speaker is saying. They often misinterpret his points which could lead to disagreements, talking out of turn and debates between the passive listener and the speaker. Furthermore, passive listeners normally possess bad sitting postures. One should be comfortable while listening but not to relaxed. They are often to relaxed while listening which may give rise to sleep and missing the aim of the lesson. Also passive listeners do not give out positive gestures to show that they are listening and comprehending what is being said. Like nodding of the had in agreement, paraphrasing what is being said, positive or negative facial expressions, asking relevant questions within and outside the topic, clapping, shaking of the head in disagreement and so on. In addition to, passive listeners are the type that makes irrelevant copious notes which distracts them from the importance of the lesson while pretending to be listening. They write down almost everything the speaker says thinking that that is what is important. They do not jot down and summarize the key points of the topic . They do not possess an undivided attention thereby giving in to distraction which are; noise making, using of phones or other gadgets at the wrong time, constantly looking at ones watch, listening to music while listening, etc. Passive listeners do not reflect and put into use what is being said, bring up meaningless points and are mostly the people who come in late and leave early, sit at the back and never in the front rows unless they are told to do so. They are not critical thinkers, they do not think deep about what they are listening to. Passive listeners do not keep an open mind when they are listening; they are not matured listeners and are the type that are easily put off by irrelevant things. They look for the faults in the speaker or in what he is saying rather than grasping the importance of his topic. There are various guidelines or rules one must follow to be a good listener. This includes; stopping anything one is doing when a discussion is going on, ensuring that there are no barriers or distractions around, making observations not copious notes one will not understand in the future but summarizing the key points i.e. year in which events occurred, peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s names, names of cities or countries, occupation of people etc. Sitting at ease but not being too relaxed which may give way to sleep, not allowing oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mind wander away, putting into practice the habit of paying attention to someone and not being discouraged by earlier failures, keeping an eye out for the main points of the lecture, not sitting with people who could be a distraction and not being a distraction our self, getting the information first and not looking out for irrelevant flaws with the speaker. In conclusion, we have learnt what listening is, the difference between listening and hearing, the differences between a good and bad listener, types of listening, guidelines to being a good listener, what one should do when one is speaking, what distractions are, the differences between an active and a passive listener and the consequences of being a passive listener. Therefore one must strive to be an effective and active listener so as to be a better learner.

rights of a woman Essay -- essays research papers

In her article â€Å"Women’s History† Joan Scott states that it is important for historians to be attentive to both â€Å"the ways in which politics constructs gender and gender constructs politics†. First, definitions for politics and gender will be established in order to analyze Scott’s claim. Second, what Scott meant by the claim â€Å"politics constructs gender† will be illustrated. Third, the contradictory claim â€Å"gender constructs politics† by Joan Scott will be explained. Finally, this paper will evaluate why it is important for historians to be attentive to both the notion that politics constructs gender and gender constructs politics. The usefulness of Scott’s claim on our understanding of both politics and gender will also be examined. The point that Scott was trying to get across in stating that historians should be attentive to the circular claim that â€Å"politics constructs gender and gender constructs politicsâ⠂¬  is that an incomplete history will be recorded if both sides of the equation are not considered hand in hand. To portray why Joan Scott believes it is important for historians to be cognizant of both gender’s effect on politics and politics effect on gender we must first establish what Joan Scott’s definitions of gender and politics are. Gender has many definitions that have been developed through the numerous approaches to history and the many other social sciences. The basic debate in defining gender is at what point is the distinction made between the natural (sex) and the cultural (gender). Gayle Rubin’s definition in â€Å"The Traffic in Women: Notes on the ‘Political Economy’ of Sex† is that â€Å"sex† is the raw material on which culture uses to produce â€Å"gender† and that gender is the cultural expectations of the differences between men and women. The important aspect of the definition of gender is that it is culturally defined and does not remain static over time. As society adjusts, so do its definitions of gender. Politics is the other key word in Scott’s statement that must be defined. Politics, according to Scott in â€Å"Women’s History†, is not just formal government but all relationships involving unequal distributions of power. Scott uses this broad definition of politics in order to explain the â€Å"cultural determination of the terms of sexual difference†. In other words this definition allows for a more complete explanation of what has shaped society’s e... ...he role of historians should be to record history and its significance. The third reason historians should look at the relationship between politics and gender is that if historians only look at the way formal politics shapes gender then a black and white picture of gender is portrayed. If a broad definition of politics is used, such as the one used by Joan Scott, then â€Å"arguments about the separate and distinctive qualities of women’s character and experience† can be avoided. As a result a clearer picture of history will be drawn that does not rely on â€Å"fixed distinctions† that have been made between the genders over time and in the present. Finally, by paying attention to the idea that gender and politics have an effect on one another we can get a clearer picture of where women’s history fits into the history books. In conclusion, Scott’s claim that historians should be attentive to both the ways in which gender constructs politics and politics constructs gender is a thought provoking comment that must be considered if an accurate and unbiased history is to be produced. Politics and gender are both socially construed notions and by definition will have an influence on one another.

DRUNK DRIVING Essay

Drinking and driving is a very serious and dangerous problem. Many people every year are killed or injured because of drunk drivers, and almost all of the people who are killed are innocent. The more you drink the more likely you are to have an accident. Driving whilst under the influence of drink is a dangerous situation, and the consequences are appalling, because you can end up killing someone else, losing your own life or even sent to court. Why do people drink while driving? The answer is simply cause there drunk! They are too drunk to think properly, they might have done it before and they think it’s not bad, perhaps too lazy to get a taxi, they feel confident that they can drive extra carefully and avoid incident, Their ability to rationalize is suppressed, leading them to make rash decisions, They want to escape personal problems This is probably one of the most dangerous reasons why people drink and drive. A man / woman in the thick of problems, gets drunk and gets in the car. Caught in his / her emotions, the person doesn’t care what happens anymore. Sadly, among the reasons why people drink and drive, this is a common reason; they are ashamed or afraid to call someone to pick them up. People wake up in cells not realizing they killed a person with their car. Some people drink and drive because they don’t know any better. Some people are not even aware of the legal drinking limits.